A heuristic solution method for node routing based solid waste collection problems

This paper considers a real world waste collection problem in which glass, metal, plastics, or paper is brought to certain waste collection points by the citizens of a certain region. The collection of this waste from the collection points is therefore a node routing problem. The waste is delivered to special sites, so called intermediate facilities (IF), that are typically not identical with the vehicle depot. Since most waste collection points need not be visited every day, a planning period of several days has to be considered. In this context three related planning problems are considered. First, the periodic vehicle routing problem with intermediate facilities (PVRP-IF) is considered and an exact problem formulation is proposed. A set of benchmark instances is developed and an efficient hybrid solution method based on variable neighborhood search and dynamic programming is presented. Second, in a real world application the PVRP-IF is modified by permitting the return of partly loaded vehicles to the depots and by considering capacity limits at the IF. An average improvement of 25% in the routing cost is obtained compared to the current solution. Finally, a different but related problem, the so called multi-depot vehicle routing problem with inter-depot routes (MDVRPI) is considered. In this problem class just a single day is considered and the depots can act as an intermediate facility only at the end of a tour. For this problem several instances and benchmark solutions are available. It is shown that the algorithm outperforms all previously published metaheuristics for this problem class and finds the best solutions for all available benchmark instances

Schloss Maisons: Landsitz René de Longueils und königliche maison de plaisance

Die Arbeit untersucht ein Hauptwerk der französischen Profanarchitektur des 17. Jahrhunderts aus der Perspektive seines Auftraggebers. Dabei stehen die konkreten Bauaufgaben und das architektonische Anspruchsniveau des in unmittelbarer Nachbarschaft zum königlichen Jagdgebiet von Saint-Germain-en-Laye gelegenen Baus im Vordergrund. Die Arbeit zeigt, dass Schloss Maisons als eine für den königlichen Besuch bereitgehaltene maison de plaisance inszeniert wurde. Der Landsitz René de Longueils entspricht vollends königlichem decorum. Das Ziel dieser Inszenierung war es, den Besuch von Louis XIV in Schloss Masions zu provozieren.Château de Maisons: Country Estate of René de Longueil and Royal Maison de Plaisance The dissertation analyzes a major work of French seventeenth-century secular architecture from the perspective of the commissioning client. It focuses on the concrete building objectives and architectonic aspirations of the palace located close to the royal hunting grounds of Saint-Germain-en-Laye. The dissertation demonstrates that Château de Maisons was staged as a maison de plaisance held ready for a royal visit. The country estate of René de Longueils satisfied royal decorum entirely. The goal of this architectonic dramatization was to provoke a visit of Louis XIV to Château de Maisons

Energy models for planning and policy assessment

The paper reviews energy models which have been applied to planning and policy assessment questions. It describes the history and methods of the early models, which had been developed for industrial purposes in the sixties. It illustrates how the scope of the model development and application changed during the seventies towards more universal applicable models of the total energy system and finally to models encompassing energy-economy interactions. The energy models applied today are mostly very large systems due to the complexity of the problems described. They consist sometimes of an integrated programming system, but in a few cases a set of disconnected models with different techniques are used. A general survey of energy models is given with the purpose to present the broad categories of some of the well-known models in comparative form, discuss their content and application and provide a classification. A selection of three models which are typical representatives for particular categories is reviewed in detail and then follows an outlook for areas of future improvements

Energiemodelle - Entscheidungshilfen für die Energieplanung

Die Probleme der Energieversorgung sind zunehmend komplexer und damit in ihrer wechselseitigen Beeinflussung unüberschaubarer geworden. Die Entwicklung von Energiemodellen hat das Ziel, adäquate Entscheidungshilfen für die Energieplanung bereitzustellen. Die Möglichkeiten und das Spektrum der Aussagemöglichkeiten von Energiemodellen werden an einem dynamischen Modell für die Energiewirtschaft der Bundesrepublik Deutschland erläutert

Минерально-геохимические особенности крови человека как индикатор условий его проживания на территориях с различной экологической ситуацией

В работе показано содержание научного доклада по теме диссертационной работы на тему "Минерально-геохимические особенности крови человека как индикатор условий его проживания на территориях с различной экологической ситуацией". Представлены материалы, методы и результаты исследования комплекса компонентов природной среды на территории, прилегающей к зоне Семипалатинского испытательного ядерного полигона.The paper shows the content of the scientific report on the theme of the thesis "Mineral-geochemical features of human blood as an indicator of the conditions of his residence in areas with different environmental situation." The presented materials, methods and results of research of a complex of components of the natural environment in the territory adjacent to the zone of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site